12/23/2023 0 Comments Vector borne transmission cengage![]() Resistance to insecticides employed both for larvae and adult control is prevalent in Aedes and Culex, compromising effective control of dengue and other arboviruses and of lymphatic filariasis. The increased range of competent Aedes mosquitoes worldwide has been linked to global travel, urbanization modifications and environmental changes. In recent years, global health security has been threatened by the geographical expansion of arboviruses such as dengue and yellow fever and emergent viruses such as Zika and chikungunya. Ironically, higher insecticide resistance is partly a result of the intensive roll-out of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs), sometimes combined with indoor residual spraying (IRS), which reduced malaria cases successfully from 2000 to 2015 in many malaria-endemic countries. For malaria, an increase in residual (exophagic) transmission together with ecological heterogeneity in everything from weather to local human migration and housing to mosquito species’ behaviours presents many challenges. ![]() ![]() Other drivers include the need to tailor interventions for diverse local landscapes and to engage human communities more directly. Resistance has led to the re-examination of interventions specific to different mosquito life stages, such as larval source management, that might be considered to be a component of integrated vector control. New tools for mosquito control and rationaleĪ main driver of the need for new, more effective mosquito surveillance and control methods is increased insecticide resistance across multiple vector species of Aedes, Anopheles and Culex. In addition, we briefly discuss the need to consider permissions, costs, safety/privacy perceptions and community acceptance for deploying drone activities. In conclusion, recent developments mean that drones can be effective for accurately conducting surveillance, assessing habitat suitability for larval and/or adult mosquitoes and implementing interventions. We present a five-step systematic environmental mapping strategy that we recommend be undertaken in locations where a drone is expected to be used, outline the key considerations for incorporating drone or other Earth Observation data into vector surveillance and provide two case studies of the advantages of using drones equipped with multispectral cameras. applying larval source management activities or deploying genetically modified agents) across the mosquito life-cycle. identification of breeding sites or mapping micro-environmental composition) and control strategies (i.e. In this review we outline the opportunities and challenges for integrating drones into vector surveillance (i.e. The field of drone-based remote sensing is under continuous change due to new technology development, operation regulations and innovative applications. For controlling both aquatic and adult stages, for several years now remote sensing data have been used together with predictive modelling for risk, incidence and detection of transmission hot spots and landscape profiles in relation to mosquito-borne pathogens. The novel use of drones (or uncrewed aerial vehicles) may play a major role in the success of mosquito surveillance and control programmes in the coming decades since the global landscape of mosquito-borne diseases and disease dynamics fluctuates frequently and there could be serious public health consequences if the issues of insecticide resistance and outdoor transmission are not adequately addressed. For a range of these vector-borne diseases, an increase in residual (exophagic) transmission together with ecological heterogeneity in everything from weather to local human migration and housing to mosquito species’ behaviours presents many challenges to effective mosquito control. In recent years, global health security has been threatened by the geographical expansion of vector-borne infectious diseases such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever, Zika and chikungunya. ![]()
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